Tipping points in the Climate System

Dynamical systems arise in many areas of physics and mathematics, and one of the most famous examples in fluid dynamics is the Lorenz attractor. This system can exhibit chaotic behavior for certain parameter values, giving rise to the well-known "butterfly" pattern. The transition from a stable steady state to chaotic behavior can be seen as crossing a tipping point within the parameter range of the Lorenz system. Beyond the Lorenz attractor, various dynamical systems also operate within Earth's climate system, some of which can undergo similar transitions. A key example is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), often associated with the Gulf Stream. A collapse of this ocean circulation would have profound climate and societal impacts. In particular, Northwestern Europe - including the Netherlands - could experience significantly cooler temperatures if the circulation were to weaken or collapse due to climate change. In this talk, we will explore the underlying physics of climate tipping points and focus in particular on the AMOC and its potential implications.